Utilization of natural heating and cooling effects



22, 1944. A. B. NEWTON 2,342,211

UTILIZATION OF NATURAL HEATING AND COOLING EFFECTS Filed Oct. 17, 1941 HEAT INSULATlON TIMER 93 I INVENTOR.

Alwnu B. NawfroaL.

A1 Iorneg" Patented Feb. 22, 1944 IUNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL HEATING AND COOLING EFFECTS Alwin B. Newton, Minneapolis, Minn., assignor to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, Minneapolis, Minn., a corporation of Delaware Application October 17, 1941, Serial No. 415,433 8 Claims. (01. 257-3) much greater temperature difierentials are produced between different bodies or mediums than can be produced by conduction or convection methods of heat transfer undersimilar circumstances. By reason of these greater diiferentials, the heating efiect of the sun and the cooling eifect of radiation from a hot body to space are made more available and greater, advantage can be taken of them.

My invention comprehends cooling a medium by allowing its heat to be radiated from a radiating body to space'at night. The principle upon which this efiect is based is the same as that which is operative whenfrost forms on the surface of the earth even though the temperature of the air does not fall to the freezing point. That is, the earth is a body having good heat absorptive and radiating properties, and after the earth has been heated during the day by radiation from the sun it is cooled at night when it radiates this heat back to space. This cooling effect of the earth by reason of the radiation of its heat to space lowers its temperature to a value lower than the temperature of the air at the surface of the earth. Thus the moisture is condensed out of the air and is formed as frost on the surface of the earth. Temperatures may be produced by radiation in this manner which are considerably lower than the lowest air' temperature which may have existed during the night.

My invention also comprehends heating a medium by means of direct radiation from the sun, and likewise temperatures may be reached in this manner which are considerably higher 7 than the temperature of the air ambient to the body which is being heated by radiation. These cooling and heating effects produced by radiation are stored, according to my invention, during the time the effect is being'produced, and at other times when temperature change of a given objective is needed, advantage may be taken of the stored heating and cooling effects as needed.

My invention finds an ideal application in air conditioning systems for buildings, particularly in regions having a relatively mild climate. In such climates, the weather conditions are such during a good part of the year that cooling may be required during the day while the nights are cool enough so that heating is perhaps not required but nevertheless natural cooling effects can be stored up for use in cooling on the following day. Also in regions having mild cli mates, the weather conditions are often such during a part of the year that while some heating may be required at night, usually the days are warm enough so that heating is not required but natural heat can be stored up during the day for use at night. My invention and its prin-- ciples could of course also be employed for air.

conditioning under weather conditions such that cooling is actually required during the day and heating at night.

Oneof the principal objects of myinvention is to provide novel means for storing natural heating and cooling effects so that they may be used when necessary to control the temperature of a given objective.

Another primary object of my invention is to provide methods and means of making use of the natural heating and cooling eflects of radiation from the sun and radiation from a body to a space.

Another object of my invention is to provide novel means and arrangements for storing heat and cold, that is, heating and cooling efiects, produced as a result of transfer of heat by radiation.

Another object of my invention is to provide a novel method and means for storing heat wherein asubstance which is normally a solid is melted when the heat is available and is allowed to solidify again when it is desired to make use of the heat.

Another object of my invention is to provide a means for cooling a medium by direct radiation of its heat tospace at night and for heating the medium by direct radiation of heat from the sun during the daytime.

Another object of the invention is to provide control means for controllingthe heat and cold storing apparatus so that the heating or cooling efiect is utilized at a time when it is necessary to do so for maintaining desired temperature conditions of a given objective.

In accordance with my invention, means are provided for circulating a fluid medium through a device adapted to be heated by direct radiation from the sun or to be cooled by radiation from temperature is indicative of an expectancy of heating or cooling requirements of an objective at a later time.

Fig. 1 represents diagrammatically a portion of a building structure having a form of my invention associated therewith,

Fig. 2 represents a modified form of control arrangement, and

Fig. 3 represents another modified form of control arrangement.

Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawing, numeral l represents diagrammatically a building structure having a roof ll, an attic l2, and another enclosed portion or space 13. Mounted on-the' roof of the building is a heat exchange coilll of the serpentine type, there being heat insulating material l5 disposed between the roof of the build ing and the coil to insulate against transfer of heat between the roof and the coil by conduction and radiation. The insulating material and the exchanger may be fastened to the roof in any suitable manner.

In the attic of the building In is a tank l8 which may contain either water or under some circumstances it may contain a solution which freezes at temperatures below 32 F. My invention comprehends cooling the water in tank 18, and when the operation is arranged such that the water may be cooled below 32 F., a solution which freezes at a temperature lower than the freezing point of water is used instead. The tank i8 is preferably insulated to minimize transfer of heat between the water in the tank and the air in the attic.

One end of the heat exchanger it is connected to the discharge of a circulating pump l9 which is driven by an electric motor,v the inlet of the pump being connected to the lower part of the tank I8 by a pipe 20. The other end of the heat exchanger H is connected to the up r P rt of the tank I8 by a pipe 2!.

The heat exchange coil N forms a device which acts as a radiator which radiates heat to space at night so as to lower the temperature of the water in the coil and which acts as an absorber of heat in the daytime to absorb radiant heat from the sun so as to heat the water in the heat exchanger. Objects that are good radiators of heat are also good absorbers and vice versa.

The primary objects of my invention are to cool the water in the tank It! by means of radiation from the coil l4 and at other times to heat the water in the tank I8 by means of absorption of radiant heat at the coil l4. As will be presently pointed out, my invention provides means for storing the heating and cooling efiects which can be produced by the system as so far described and utilizing these effects for maintaining the temperature of a space at desired values at times when the temperature deviates from these values.

Thus when it is desired to cool the water in the tank l8 and store up a cooling effect which may be subsequently utilized for cooling, circulator I9 is operated at night to circulate the water through the heat exchanger l4 and back to the tank l8. During the night heat will be radiated from the coil ll to space in substantial amounts,

or in other words at a relatively high rate, this effect being particularly pronounced on a clear night. The heat given up by the coil I by radiation in this manner will lower the temperature of the water in the coil to a value considerably below the lowest temperature to which the air falls during the night. The principle underlying this temperature fall of the water in the coil is the same as that involved when frost forms on the ground or on other objects which radiate heat at night even though the air temperature is above freezing. That is, the ground is heated by radiation from the sun in the daytime. At night when the sun is not shining, there is a considerably greater proportion of radiation of heat from the ground to space, which radiation causes the temperature at the surface of the earth to fall to a value lower than the temperature of the air, the temperature of the air being governed prim rily by convection and conduction. The surface of the earth thus being at a lower temperature than the air condenses moisture out of the air, and it forms on the ground as frost or dew. It is known that ice can be produced on water by digging a hole in the ground and letting water remain in the hole overnight. The water will be cooled by radiation during the night causing ice to form on it. It is known that ice has been formed in this manner by the radiation of heat when the temperature of the air did not fall lower than 56 F. during the night.

From the foregoing, it is to be seen that relatively low temperatures of the water in the tank l8 can be produced at night in the manner above described, these temperatures sometimes being as low as or below the freezing point of water. The heat insulating material l5 prevents the coil N from being heated at night by radiation and conduction of heat from the roof of the house itself. When the temperature of the water in tank l8 has been lowered to a relatively low value, the

tank of water, as a whole, represents a substantial body of water in tank I 8 may be brought up substantially to this temperature. In the daytime the temperature of coil [4 may be higher than the temperature of the roof ll of the house, and under these circumstances transfer of heat from the coil to the roof is substantially prevented by the heat insulating material [5. It is to be seen therefore that in the daytime the temperature of the coil l4 may be raised to a value considerably higher than the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.

From the foregoing description of the invention as so far made, it is to be seen that a heat transfer system 'is provided having means whereby heating effect or cooling effect may be stored.

My invention provides means for augmenting the cold storing and heat storing properties of the system so that greater amounts of cooling effect or heating effect can be stored and preserved for longer periods of time. 'Within the tank l8 are containers 23 which are filled with a fluid which freezes at a temperature of approximately 50 F. A list of suitable substances is given below Acetaldehyde Penta decane Creosol Phenyl-cyclo-hexane Cyclo hexane Sillco iodoform Ethyl diamine Undecyl alcohol Nitro styrene Any number of containers, such as the containers 23, may be provided. and when the tempera.-

ture of the water in tank I8 is lowered to a point below 50 F., the substance in containers 23 freezes, thereby giving up a substantial amount of additional heat depending on the heat of fusion of the substance used and thereby increasing the amount of cooling effect stored. Subsequently the Water in tank I8 is used for cooling purposes so that its temperature is raised above 50 F. so as to melt the substance in containers 23 and this substance then takes up an amount of heat equal to that which it gave off when it froze. Thus while the substance in containers 23 is melting, the temperature of the water in tank I8 is kept near the melting point of the substance.

Also within the tank is immersed in the water therein are containers 24 containing a substance which is a solid at ordinary temperatures and which has a melting point of around 130 F. One substance suitable for use in the containers 24 is a substance known as Woods metal, which melts at a temperature of around 130 F. The

ing device 34 comprising an electric timing motor 35 supplied with power by wires 36 and 31. The

timing motor 35 drives a twenty-four hour cam 38 which is mounted on the shaft of the timing motor. The cam 38 makes one revolution in twenty four hours and has a single dwell which is preferably of an extent adjustablebetween something more and something less than 180 of circumferential extent of the cam. The cam 38' has a cam follower in the form of a pivoted lever 39 carrying a double-ended mercury switch 40 having a pair of electrodes at each end. The cam is arranged to cause the electrodes at one end of the mercury switch to be bridged at night v and the electrodes at the other end of the mercury switch to be bridged during daylight hours.

' The cam 38 may be mad manually adjustable so as to make closure of the opposite ends of the mercury switch correspond to hours of daylight purpose of containers 24 and the substance therein is to augment the heat storing properties of the system. Thus during the daytime the temperature of the water in tank, i8 may be raised to a relatively high value of perhaps 150 F. or 160 F. at which temperature the substance in containers 2t melts so as totake up a substantial amount of heat deter-mined by the heat of fusion of the substance. At a subsequent time when the water in tank i8 is used for heating purposes, its temperature will be lowered to a value below the melting point, that is, the solidifying point of the substance in containers 20, causing the substance to again solidify and to thus give off an amount of heat equal to that which it took up when it melted. Thus the heat storing properties of the system are augmented by reason of the containers 24 and the substance therein. When this substance solidifies it tends to cause the temperature of the water in tank It! to remain at the solidifying temperature of the substance while it is solidifying.

For cooling or heating the space 13, my invention provides a finned heat exchange coil 21 through which water may be circulated from the tank I8 by a circulator 28 driven by an electric motor. The discharge of the circulator is connected to the coil 21 by a pipe 29, and the inlet of the circulator is connected to the tank I8 by a pipe 30. The outlet of the coil 21 is connected to thetankl8byapipe3l.

My invention provides automatic controls for circulating the hot water through the heat exchange coil 21 when heating of the space is re-' qulred and for circulating cold water through the coil 2'! when cooling of the space is re-- quired. scribed.

In practicing my invention I prefer to provide control means toprovide that a; cooling effect culator l9 during the day depending upon whether or not it can be reasonably expected that heating will be required that night. Of course the circulator I! can be operated at night if cooling These controls will be presently de-' is needed at the time orit can be operatedin and darkness or a so-called astronomical disk may be used which is part of a timing mechanism which automatically adjusts the cam throughout itheyear so that the closed periods of each end of the mercury switch always correspond to the hours of daylight and darkness.

The controls additionally include athermostat en in the space 113 and a similar thermostat 02 also in the space. The thermostat M comprises a bimetal element 53 arranged to actuate a movable switch blade M in a manner to cause the switch blade to engage a fixed electrical contact at a temperature which may be 75 for example, the blade 64 moving toward its associated contact upon a ris in temperature. Associated with the blade M is a permanent magnet 38 which causes the thermostat to operate with a snap action. The thermostat ma have a one degree differential for example. The thermostat 42 corresponds to the thermostat 4|: its elements being numbered the same with the identifying letter a. The thermostat 02 however is set to close its contacts at a temperature which may be for example and this thermostat closes its contacts upon a fall in temperature rather than a rise in temperature.

temperature in the space risesto or above, 7 the thermostat M will close ltsflcontacts thereby.

energizing the motor of circulatorgifi through the following circuit: from line cond wire Mj'themotor of circulator. i9 and wire .56 back to line conductor 5|, the line conductors B0 and ii being connected to a suitable source of power not shown. As long as the circulator l9 operates, water from the tank l8 will be circulated through the coil 14 and will be cooled in the manner above described, so as tobuild up a substantial cooling effect in the tank l8.

If the temperature in the space 63' does not rise to 75 at night, it is not expected that cooling will be needed on the following day'and so.

the circulator' I9 is not operated.

During-the daytime the right-end of mercury switch will be closed placing thermostat 42 in control of the gcirculator I 9, and if during" the daytime the temperature in the space H falls to -gr; lower it ,can be reasonably expected.- that-..

I h qtor t0 throughwire BB element 43, blade -contact 45, wire 52, the left end of mercury switch 40, wire 53,

heating will be required that night because it is ordinarily cooler at night than in the daytime. Thus if the temperature falls to 70, thermostat 42 will close its contacts energizing the motor of circulator I9 through the following circuit: from line conductor 50 through conductor 51, element 43a, blade a, contact 45a, wire 58, the right end of mercury switch 40, wire 59, wire 54, the motor of circulator I9 and motor 55 back to line conductor 5|. vAs long as the circulator I8 operates during the day, water from tank I8 will be circulated through the coil I4 and it will be heated so as to store up a substantial amount of heat in the tank I8 in the manner above described.

The controls which control the temperature in space I3 will now be described. These con- .trols include a pair of thermostats 60 and BI responsive to the temperature in the space I3. The thermostat 68 includes the bimetal' element 62 arranged to operate a movable switch blade 63 which cooperates with a fixed electrical contact 84. The blade 68 is moved to the left upon fall in temperature and is brought into engagement with the contact 64 at a temperature which may be 68. F., for example. Associated with the blade 83 is a permanent magnet 65 which causes the thermostat to operate with a snap action. The

, thermostat may have a one degree difierential for example. The thermostat IiI corresponds to the thermostat 60, its elements being numbered the same and having an identifying letter a. However the thermostat 6| makes its contacts upon a rise in temperature and preferably is so set that it closes its contacts at 80 F. for example.

Connected in series with the thermostat 60 is a thermostatic switch I and connected in series with the thermostat 6| is a thermostatic switch TI. The thermostatic switch I0 comprises an expansible and contractible bellows I2 connected to a thermal bulb I3 disposed in the water in tank I8, by means of a capillary tube 14. The bulb I3 is filled with a volatile liquid which vaporizes and causes a pressure to build up in the bulb and bellows I2 dependently upon the temperature in the water in tank I8 so that the bellows I2 expands and contracts accordingly. The bellows 12 has an operating stem into engagement with which a switch operating lever 15 is normally urged by a coil spring I6. The lever I carries a mercury switch 11 having electrodes at its left end which are bridged when the bellows I2 expands in response to the existence of a Dredeterminedpressure therein which may be a pressure corresponding to a temperature of the water in tank I8 of 69 F., for example. The temperature responsive switch I0 may have a differential of one degree for example; that is, the switch 11 may open at a temperature of 68 or the water in tank I8.

The thermostatic switch II corresponds to the thermostatic switch III, the elements being similarly numbered with the identifying letter 0. However the electrodes of mercury switch I'Ia are at the right end of the switch so that the switch is closed upon a fall in temperature rather than upon arise in temperature, the mercury switch I'Ia closing at a temperature of the water in tank I8 which may be 78 F., for example. The thermostatic switch II may also have a differential of one degree, the mercury switch Ila. I

opening at a temperature of 79 F. The thermostats 80 and GI and the temperature responsive switches IIIv and II control the-motor oi circulator 28; the purposes of switches III and ll being to prevent operation of the circulator for heating unless the water in tank I8 is at a temperature high enough for heating purposes and to prevent operation of the circulator 28 for cool- 5 ing unless the temperature of the water in tank I8 is low enough for cooling purposes. A

If at any time the temperature in the space I3 rises to 80. F., thermostat 6| closes its contacts. If -at this time the temperature of the water in tank I8 is at 78 or below so that cooling can be affected, a circuit is completed for the motor of circulator 28 as follows: from line concluster 58 through wire 80, element 62a, blade 83a, contact 64a, wire 8I, mercury switch 'I'Ic, l8 wire 82, wire 83, the motor for circulator 28, and wire 84 back to'line conductor 5I. Completion of this circuit will cause the circulator 28 to operate and the water from the tank I8 will be circulated through the heat exchange coil 21 for cooling the space I3. As long as cooling is available by the water in tank I8; the thermostat 6| will control the circulator 28 to prevent the temperature in the space from rising above 80 F. It is to be seen that the thermostat 6| can 25 control the circulator 28 in the manner Just described for cooling the space I3 either at night or in the daytime. Obviously if the thermostat 6| operates the circulator 28 at night, the circulator I9 will be operating at the same time in 30 response to thermostat 4| to keep the water in tank I8 cold and to build up the cooling effect stored in the tank.

If at any time the temperature in the space II falls to 68 F., thermostat 68 will close its con- 36 tacts. If at this time the temperature of the water in tank I8 is at or above 69 R, such that heating can properly be afiected by the coil 21, a circuit will be completed for the motor of circulator 28 as follows: From line conductor 58 'to 40 wire 81, element 82, blade 63, contact 64, wire 88, mercury switch 11, wire 89, wire83, the motor of circulator 28 and wire 84 back to line conductor 5|. In this manner the thermostat 60 will control the circulator 28 to prevent the temperature in the space I 3 irom falling below 68F. If the thermostat 88 calls for heating during the daytime, the circulator I8 will of course be in operation at the same time because thermostat 42 will at this time be closed so that water is being circulated through the coil ll for heating it and for building up heating effect in the tank I8. I

From the foregoing, it is to be seen that the arrangements 0! my invention provide for utiliz-r ing natural heating and cooling eflects by storing these effects and using them when required to maintain the temperature of the space at deas required. The temperature diflerentials pro- 66 duced by my arrangements are considerably greater than can be produced by ordinary conduction or convection heat transfer methods and, by reason of the substances which I use which melt and solidify, the amounts oi cooling efiect and heating efiect which can be stored are considerably augmented. The controls provide for selective operation of the heat and cold storing system dependent upon whether or not it is to be reasopably expected'that heating or cooling oi the space will subsequently be required within the length of time that the stored heating and cooling effects can be preserved.

From the foregoing, it is to be observed that my invention is ideally adapted for use in air conditioning in milder climates, particularly in climates wherein during some seasons the days are warm enough and the nights relatively cool, such that heat can be stored during the day for use at night. During other seasons in such climates the nights are cool enough but the days relatively warm so that cooling effect can; be stored at night for use during the day.

For selectively determining whether or not the circulator I9 should be operated, outdoor temperature rather than indoor temperature may be utilized. Thus in Fig. 2 of the drawing, '1 have shown a control arrangement for circulator I9 which is similar to that of Fig. 1 of the drawing wherein the timer shifts control between two controllers designated 90 and 9| which are responsive to outdoor temperature rather than indoor temperature. Thus if the outdoor temperature rises above a value which may be 55 or 65 F., for example, at night it may be reasonably expected that on the following day the outdoor temperature will be high enough so that cooling of the space will be required. Thus the arrangement of Fig. 2- provides for operating the circulator I9 at night when th outdoor temperature rises above a specified value which may be 55 or 65 for example, as pointed out above. The controller 90 comprises an erkpansible and contractible bellows 92 connected to a thermal bulb 93 disposed outdoors by means of a capillary tube 96; the bulb 93 is filled with a volatile liquid which causes the bellows 92 to expand and contract in accordance with the amount of vaporizatrodes of mercury switch 910, are at its right end,

and this switch closes upon a drop in outdoor temperature to a value'of 65 F. The timingmechanism places controller M in control in the daytime.;=and.the circulator I9 is operated in the "daytime if the outdoor temperature'is below 65 F., it being reasonable to expect that if the temperatur is below 65 in the daytime it will be low enough at. night to require heating of the space.

.During the night time when the left end of mercury switch M1 is closed if mercury switch t'I closes, a circuit is completed for the motor of circulator III as follows: from line conductor 50, through wire I00, wire IIII, mercury switch 91, wire I02, the left end of mercury switch to, wire I03, wire Hit, the motor of circulator I9 and wire I05 back to line conductor 5I. Thus the system is operated for storing cooling efiect at night when the outdoor temperature is above a predetermined value.

During'the daytime the right end of mercury switch 40 is closed, and if the mercury switch 910 closes, a circuit is completed or. the motor of circulator l9 as follows: from line conductor 50, wire I00, wire I08, mercury switch 91a, wire I01,

.tion of the liquid as determined by outdoor tem= the right end of mercury switch 40, wire I", wire I04, the motor of circulator I8 and wire I05 back. to line conductor 5|. Thus in the daytime the system is operated for storing heat when the outdoor temperature is below -a predetermined value.

Of course the system can operate to heat the space in the daytime or cool the space at night as in the previous embodiment.

In Fig. 3 of the drawing, I have shown a modified form of theinvention wherein instead of using a timer to control the day and night operation of the circulator I9 I utilize a photoelectric cell which shifts control from one thermostat to the other. In Fig. 3 numeral H0 designates a relay comprising a. winding III having an armature associated therewith attached to the switch blade N2 of a single-pole; double-throw switch, the armature moving the blade I I2 into engagement with a fixed electrical contact Il3 when the winding III is energized, the switch blade IIZ engaging a fixed contact II4 when the winding III is deenergized. The winding of relay IIO is controlled by a photo-electric cell III; through wires II6 and H1, power being supplied to the photo electric cell through wires H8 and H9. The sensitivity of the cell H5 is such and it is so arranged as to energize the relay IIIl in the daytime and to deenergize it at night.

Figure 3 includes two thermostats I20 and HI which may be like the thermostats M and of Fig. 1 or the thermostatic controllers 90 and SI of Fig. 2. Thus at night the thermostat I20 is in control, and if it closes its contacts the motor of circulator I9 is energized through the following circuit: line conductor 50, wire I23, thermostat I20, wire I24 fixed contact Ill, switch blade II2, wire I25, the motorof circulator I9 and wire I26 back to line conductor 5|. Similarly, in the daytime the thermostat I2I is in control of the circuit, and if it closes its contacts a circuit is completed for energizing the motor of circulator I9 as follows: from line conductor 50, wire I21, thermostat I2I, wire I28, contact 3, switch blade 2, wire I25, the motor of circulator I! and wire I26 back to line conductor 5| My disclosure is intended to make clear the operating principles of my invention and to explain and describe a concrete form of practicing the invention. It is to be understood howeverthat a great number of variations may be made in the invention without departing from its spirit and scope. For example, the radiating and absorbing coil ll need not necessarily be in the form of a heat exchanger nor does it have to be mounted on the roof of a building.

Also difl'erenttypes of cold storing and heat storing mechanisms may be utilized and different manners of controlling the utilization of the stored heat and cold may be employed.

v It is to be understood also that my invention embraces the concept of using an ordinary heat 'exchanger exposed to atmospheric conditions and affecting heat transfer by well known conduction and convection methods. Using such a heat exchanger, the heat and cold storing mechanism of my invention and the controls take the same form and operate in the same manner as combination, means forming a fluid containing heat exchanger arranged so as to cause the temperature of the fluid flowing through the exchanger to be changed by natural outdoor conditions, a storer of temperature changing efl'ects, means for transferring heat between said storer and said heat exchanger by circulating the fluid medium therebetween whereby temperature changing effect is stored in said storer, means for utilizing the temperature changing effect stored in said storer to control the temperature of an objective, and control apparatus indicative of a prospective need'for heating or cooling of said objective controlling said heat transfer means, said control apparatus including selective means responsive to temperature for operating said heat transfer means at one predetermined temperature during the night and at another predetermined temperature during the daytime.

2. In apparatus of the character described, in combination, means forming a fluid containing heat exchanger arranged so as to cause the temperature of the fluid flowing through the exchanger to be changed by natural outdoor conditions. a storer of temperature changing effects, means for transferring heat between said storer and said heat exchanger by circulating the fluid medium therebetween whereby temperature changin ffect is stored in said storer, means for utilizing the temperature changing effect stored in said storer to control the temperature of an objective, control apparatus indicative of a prospective need for heating or cooling of said objective controlling said heat transfer means, said control apparatus including selective means responsive to temperature and a day-night timing mechanism for operating said heat transfer means at one predetermined temperature during the night and at another predetermined temperature during the daytime.

3. In apparatus of the character described, in combination, means forming a fluid containing heat exchanger arranged so as to cause the temperature of the fluid flowing through the exchanger to be changed by natural outdoor conditions, a storer of temperature changing effects, means for transferring heat between said storer and said heat exchanger by circulating the fluid medium therebetween whereby temperature changing effect is stored in said storer, means for utilizing the temperature changing efiect stored in said storer to control the temperature of an objective, control apparatus indicative of a prospective need for heating or cooling of said objective controlling said heat transfer means, and said control apparatus including selective means responsive to temperature and light intensity reperature of an objective, and control apparatus indicative of a prospective need for heating or cooling of said objective controlling said heat transfer means, said control apparatus including selective means responsive to outdoor temperature for operating said heat transfer means at one predetermined temperature during the night and at another predetermined temperature during the daytime.

5.'In a heating and cooling system, in combination, heat and cold storing means, a fluid containing heat exchanger associated therewith for selectively heating or cooling the heat and cold storing means, said heat exchanger being continuously exposed to radiations to and from space for taking up heat from the sun during the day and giving up heat to space at night,

and means including temperature responsive means in control of the heating and cooling of said heat and cold storing means by said heat exchanger.

6. In a heating and cooling system, in combination, heat and cold storing means, a fluid containing heat exchanger associated therewith for selectively heating or cooling the heat and cold storing means, said heat exchanger being continuously exposed to radiations to and from space for taking up heat from the sun during the day and giving up heat to space at night, and means including temperature responsive means responsive to a temperature condition in,- dicative of a prospective demand for heating or cooling for causing heating of said heat and cold storing means if said temperature is below a predetermined value during the daytime and for causing cooling of said heat and cold storing means if said temperature is above a predetermined value during the night.

7.In a combined heating and cooling system, in combination, a fluid medium containing heat exchanger continously exposed to atmospheric sponsive means for operating said heat transfer 7 means at one predetermined temperature during the night and at another predetermined temperature during the daytime.

4. In apparatus of the character described, in combination, means forming a fluid containing heat exchanger arranged so as to cause the temperature of the fluid flowing through the exchanger to be changed by natural outdoor conditions, a storer of temperature changing effects, means for transferring heat between said storer and said heat exchanger by circulating' thefluid medium therebetween whereby temperature changing eflectis stored in said storer, means for utilizing the temperature changing eiiect stored in said storer to control the temconditions for receiving heat by radiation from the sun and for radiating heat to space at night,

determined value or during the night if the temperature is above a predetermined value.

8. In apparatus of the character described, in

combination, a fluid containing heat exchange device positioned to absorb radiant heat from the sun during the day andto radiate heat to space. at night, heat storage means, means in control of the circulation of the fluid medium between said heat exchange device and said heat storage means whereby heat may be delivered to said heat storage means during the day and removed therefrom at night upon radiation of heat to and from said heat exchan e device, and control means responsive to a temperature which isindicative of a prospective need for heating or cooling in control of said circulation controlling means.

ALWIN NEWTON. 

